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Also available by Larry Gonick, with Mark Wheelis 

THE CARTOON GUIDE TO GENETICS 



THE CARTOON GUIDE TO 

COMPUTER 

SCIENCE 


Larry Gonick 



urn 

BARNES & NOBLE BOOKS 
A DIVISION OF HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS 
New York, Cambridge, Philadelphia 
San Francisco, London, Mexico City 
SSo Paulo, Sydney 




the cartoon quide to computer science. Copyright © 1983 by Larry Gonick. 
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book 
may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permis- 
sion except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and 
reviews. For information address Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 10 East 53rd 
Street, New York, N.Y 10022. Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry 
& Whiteside Limited, Toronto. 

FIRST EDITION 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 
Gonick, Larry. 

The cartoon guide to computer science. 

(College outline series ; CO/417) 

Includes index. 

Summary: An introduction to computer science in cartoon format. 

1. Computers— Caricatures and cartoons. 2. Electronic data processing— 
Caricatures and cartoons. [1. Computers— Cartoons and comics. 2. Data pro- 
cessing— Cartoons and comics. 3. Cartoons and comics] I. Title. II. Series. 
QA76.G593 1983 001.64 82-48251 

ISBN 0-06-460417-9 (pbk.) 

83 84 85 86 87 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21 





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COMPUTER SCIENCE 

LEARNING 

HAS NEVER BEEN SO EASY 
OR SO MUCH FUN 

Here are the elements of computer science illustrated, sim- 
plified, and humor-coated so that you understand them at 
once. Use this book to lighten up that serious course you are 
taking or to penetrate the fog of that equally serious textbook 
you are trying to follow. Read it to gain both an overview and 
an inner view of that computer you are learning to use. Or if 
you feel the computer revolution is passing you by, let it give 
you a point of entry. It won’t make a programmer out of you, 
but it will put you well on the way to computer literacy. 

In these pages you’ll meet Charles Babbage and his analyti- 
cal engine, which was never built, and Ada Augusta, Lady 
Lovelace, who programmed it nevertheless. You’ll also meet 
George Boole, whose algebra underlies the design of circuit- 
ry. You’ll learn about binary numbers, computer components 
and architecture, software, programming languages from 
machine language to basic, and special computer applica- 
tions— cryptography, artificial intelligence, and others you 
may not have heard of. 


BARNES & NOBLE BOOKS/ 

A DIVISION OF HARPER & ROW, PUBLISHERS 


Cover design by Larry Gonick 


»$5.B5 


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M0F E SOCK MARINES 
Wepe Mil t, sor 
All Ppll faR 
Swpr op «W6 
AfcYWo like 

A SemAL-Wbse 
OO/VIpOTfp. . 


My? 




M///J / 

fl?R PKAM?LE= in ETepy CA4e TflE osef? FAJtkrB) 

VwAeef^ ey serTtfPfc a fau> op (odgas or wm 



''MVW WAV 
OfSAflpL Ijte 
SAME TAI|J0 •- 


Ife WILL BP TLAIM 
$<>Op CMW, AW 
ALL fORfo^t LoMfoTEfS 
Ml)ST ALSO te AW€ To 
vo more-. itmuet Reap 

M£T/^Ti 7 i 6)$$ 



fip*n luMAf To DO 
WITH T*oH m&Ks l! 



of mm or k m$- 

...AtlP TH6P 
TORAEP TAB 
APPRofRiAre- 
CRApK To App 
OR MULTIPLY. 


tkOK/KW 

^istep orly or me 
ft)W* To be CoMBlNeP. 


' WELL, I 
WAS oRLY 
TRyiHO To 
MAKE AW 
APDIWO 
„ M#- 


rfe Of th/s idea cm not from the ^ 

'A SCIENTIST'S STUDY, BUT THf SoOTV FAC^ieS of THE 



Vdu MAY' NW 
HAVE THUU6|Yr Of 
A 0m# S LOaM 
AS AS) l|Jfi?RMAW 
fgPCefrSop, Art) 
Vet- \t translates 
A(J abstract 
DESIGN l(JT<? A 

fpcnw of colors 

CFfATCT Bf 

locftivb om EACH 

AffltopplATE fi-A Ce. 



WW M© \ 7 odS, A SYSTEM we ItlVEA/Tep PF 
vtfes&m THESE PATTfP^S on 



49 



wrw M* oLMWwev 

Haijdlwm, m mm 

peAD W CARDS, 

m 1^ i got, josefH 

3m0m> 

l^vefTep f\ foiwep 

Loom with ah 

AOTOMATiC £ARD PCM>6P- 


10 njevr the card*, oot me the cloth. 





50 









IN 

metee 

Afftiep 

MM Scaejy 
P* WS 
1o miv 
the Difpepepce 
e^, 
^PIHEY 
GMe tflM 
a sizA&e 
68torr. 




W-MLc-S 


°rm- fjwMD 

+ dkn&rw 



52 . 





tw Dip 
\T KfW 
vm to 

Voi > 



§§\ Tug wmmm to the miu 

■ft 7 iwtp pe pg/\p |(j ^ fu^CfttAPPS. 


m-r is, the R/mchcabps co^EYep not ohey the- mew* 

TO 66 Cftl/lJCHEP 60 T A^O "We FATTEN OF Cp.VJ) 0 C(T)(J£, !! 



$ 


c,o tap macAia'p ijjwlp (Jeep a special 

CWMW6 /NPUT P^'ce. 


To retain Ni/MeeRs nip. future pepe(?e/jce, e-aabaoe 


EHViSioNep A 
T(MS MS To 
ee a tMK 
Of \ooo „ 
"Re6|STef?s, 

each a 
pevice 
capable of 

StORijJb 
o»Je so-pioir 
WM&R. 

tapse 

auLp mm 

ee |(WT FROM 

the carps 
op tap Result 

OP Co/AfW fiOf ’ 
V TAP frtlLL- 


memorv u(J'T, or 




Finally, tap 

^iisarP ®f* 

RABBA6P 
DeSlpUPO TAT 
mo's First 
Automatep 
T ype Setter 
T o PfllMT THE 
results of 
Computations. 


54 





A PwJCHapp Coou) vo m op m ftuwwo Twws 

rr T-?> IPFUT A VUM&ER fTT^Tl JWlrr A WMBEP 

lillU To THE STope L-Lll I T<? THE MILL 

rr-T-N MOVE A AiuMpefs Move A AI0M6 

:*• I FROM THE MILL To [ FROM THE STl 

1 1 The s-ppe To the mill 


tt'. Move A AIOM60? 
5 -: wom the store 

To THE MILL 


\Nf>TW THE MILL 

W,T W 


eu-ffvr a weep 

fflW EITHER sppe 
OP MILL 


\mAich map fce Summarised w this diagram-. 





INWT 


mf 


fa±s tfeStg O L''' 


rrrrrrrrrr 


IR FART1M.AR, A RESULT fW THE MILL COoLD 6e STORED 
W FUTURE REFEREWCE, TttE|J RETIRED To THE MILL 

(Wen ^eepep. „ . 


A$ AftA&A&e 
W rr, THE 
AMALpTiCAL 
epElUE COULD 
"EAT \TS t , 
0WA< TAIL- 



Vw HAM? 
Tote 
PAiwe 
to EAT 
Yovp ouV 
TAtt.. y 







m teem 

THE FIRST 
PROGRAM fflf' 
SA6 IMROTE WT 
ACTUAL SE^EMCK 
Of IN4TPUCT/0MS 

W the 

ANALYTICAL EMM... 



sue ipi/wtep iye a SajueMe of 

Iustructiovs wen cam se used aeaim ano a^aw im 
MAMf OamtEXtS. . — 



She ^ovizeo tab value op we 

SHCULPje AN INSTRUCTION THAT BACK’S Up TAG CAgD ReADER 
To A SfKifigp CAP-D. SO BAT THE SeqvewCg' IT IP'TiATES 
CAM 6E ReCOTED ^mmtr 



jW> %LZ mm> ? m OTWiP> (JfiWs Be 

CcuL 0 ’JuMP' to Another card (I§ some 
C opPITiOM IS SATiSPieP. "" 




m Wo w A MACfW 
THAT New ^ISTCT)... 

Tne 6°vewmwiT 
Pen/seD to Sofpopr it, 
\n view of wife's 

TRACK fsecopp yJtTH 
Je Difw*e ewe. 
Ttey caucd vt= 



OKpggAre ftp ws, we cwm> up a ''sciePTinc* 

pACeTKACK BeTTIWU Sck^E-ANU S^(/AUDei?ep APA9 

FOpnwe. 




58 





IM T«e MeMT m, myqts Wfitssev ip wo wecaotn- 
O^THE /" — s. 

Saie ' jiiKW ' K *- / Yw opft mht \ 

«««■ ( **«*« ) 

ZHweefr i>m V LlvW M9M ’ 

Wwte' V 

EMUfe. 




mit 


/<~>v -M yarn pesfcrop 
'jnw. \ mmw mm& 

, ) m cm RetfisTgps 

wecTsy pip ta»ME fwges 
n / — ip cosiness. 


O 





0)1 ■»£ own H<Npo 
T«E fWCW MAWes, 
BE6IUHW6 WITH THE CeHSoS 
iWAm Dtsi^neD ey 





I 




l^M/o 

umpired, as %mm 
TrtE JAOAW U»M, fWeFiTH 
INVeNTCP A MACfXljJt PURELY 
ACCUMULATE WD 
CLASsirvino impiWtiop. 



"\ 


eecpose this iuAs a yew s<?rt or job a mawe-- 
me Kirt> P5B Mm commas ^6 ideally suited - 
LeT'S TOOK A CLoSeK Look 



Tto town me census W topasur of a eepies 

Of (Wiftf wtce questioios- 

iw mapy a viytet> 0 o '/<*> HMe? 
a) 0-2 W ^-7 c) 0-20 
a) frfoKe "W 2 » 
what's Y< WK 

a") MUTANT MIX' W I M- 

e) ftwmumr a) m# 

veterNU^ 



fRofo THIS, owe wwreo To fIPP - 1 
The ToTm hwmmf or 

amm-- 

ftOHl maiV wap o-i 

cxwft- - 

now imW wepE 

fllUTAWT hippos- 

t\t\ 


t6 net*- as 

4 XW Tt«W>< A* 



HOLlfKlffl fftofosep To PUT eACft feFSop'S fiespopses 0U A 
&P^ie fuwoHep carp the size or Au W w^-AR wl. To otiep- 

SllWfWY SU6ttHY 

lii. 3 . 4.5 6 . 


a- 

b 

c 

a 


i 


I 


4— t- 
I 


I 


I 


- * I — 

III 

i I 

1 I 




EftOHCoUM) 

pereeseprep one 

(pofeTiOp THE 

Hope ip a &n&> 

ODLVMp IWWD 
THE ANSWER. V 
THAT C^eSTlOp. 




UlS cm> SHOWS HESfoUSES Of 1-a , J-c, 2> b, 4-a, S-d, pf«... 


a 




lie cards ivepe "rep© 
^ p. Device comS'Stim^ 

Of fv £BiD OF LITTLE 
Fivs /VlOUPTED OP 
SWS f\UD WIRED 
eLKTRiCMLV. 


^s> t^r 




N> ^ ^ ^ 

^ Vi, 

WHO) 6K0U6HT INTO 
CONTACT WITH TRE CIVRP, 
OULV wse Pius LYlAfc CW 
l\ \feee yoouup Pals trr* 1 ^ 

each Of these piffep 
ftJTO (\ SMALL CD? OF 
rtieRcujiy, ccMfceTivc V» 
eeecTR'cAL CiRWit. 






EACH COP WHS 
wipeo To a couwreR, 

WHICH HDVMCep 
g/vcR Time ap electric 
peise fsRRwep. 



A*rt> So THE 
(WWltJO ToTHCS 

of every Possible 
ReSfOWSt WERE 
coVTiwoysLY 
pl^LA 1 /#)! 




poes \ 
\t coevr \ 
UHEMPLoyCD 
ceosvs , i 
k W»PKtRSy 




ThiS Sort of 

Job-wMYz# 

f\HD Cowing 
maim 
OF VJpt-FWATiOt 1 ' 
IS fiOW Know 
t6f 



63 





THE ItoUiPW T 7 WPH 
cut w path •YfU’cessiwC’ 
Time w the ie*> census 

wwirow*' 

ak yeM? 5 . this souM >5 
lofK? Alow, 50T prr THE ,, 
TIME, VT WHS ||HfRESS|Ve!' 



r Holl&iTH FDUUpED ft toMp/W To MA^FA c JORE HIS 
CftRP-ofisgpqfp DATA Processor, ^Po HE foOWD ft WO/W 
Of TAKERS 

A PNlfoftP CMWV 
usep THE TftaXMOP 
p>F ftOtMWO 
fpEiMfr e>TMi 4 Tic^... 

a m 

tvrwpp it 

To ft)M?IU|J6> CcStS, 
ftpHUVa|J 6 WR°m 

K ) {AHJHElWb 

ewref... 

ft Mdusnt ftwse 
WEEDED IT TO 

whpthwof 
m6PAihm)ise, Shits, 

SAlTSMeV, COSlDMefS, 

etc ere ere... 

VtoUTlWs CoiAflWY DID FAIRLY l>OL- -LWCT-.IT 
fcoT IHTO CWOTep*, TOD... ftt“P PIP IWEU-... Y«u 
(AAV HM/e HEftPP Of IT... TowY It'S CftUTpi — 

1 o sitrXT Doe^ptfr r* 

^ (M Tft£ 










-on 

OFF Of* 

El E3 

VusrtBuiW 

sw)wes 



*7 



A l&>% FAMIUAR 
SWITCH THE 





switch. Vou CWt See it 
8 pt it mures w 
aW&xw per#©) wfi 
fHoioe M/p the oil tow 




IN THE- OU) 0^ flits HW> To 6E Dove E>Y WD— 


THE cftfw's Wopv 
STWiW luAS CAl-tfD A 


TH 0 J "WE FHo/lg &,-«! ITS KW», 
CAME Uf WITH Tut fwDMATi^ 

^|4 Y- <*> w 

CtestRic SWM- , THIS StOiTO* 

woap oo« (w "W y*f 

C&U. * THE piittr fl-AC^- 




68 






blT IT COUIW T 

Wl-o A Mvie 
to Mwe*. 

Tyre o?- switch,, ^ 

wewicp aew eARuor 




Sr, 


WMKRWfleW 

TOfcB 

useo To 
6 u« im rue 

8&f* 

T 


i 

ji 


THE Toee caw At so 'Se Fuppcp ow 
(\W0 OFF- LIK6 A SWITCH , So flvsr 
W CawT ^ see vr pucKeg: 

IT Oo^T gUHOS- PUT IT W 
SwXTCH AS OfTFW AS 

1000,000 J& 

HM66 TO 860)UOi( T4& 





not u>ki6 after TfEse switches 
|/jepe njwevpep, fi^rie REAuzep 
That thev eouu> ee co/wep 
\NTo CoMfUTER (WHEATS' 



ev the i^s, a mtea of fe>fte 

HAP Sfew How VERF PftflO CoMforERS 
Couup 6 e &UIPT ffloM HARDWARE 
SflWttr Off THE SHELF II 



10 



71 




Mflc x m p whim 

W lO pi^r 

(A wuwitwr wwe of 

ODMSTef 8FE®) i XI (vewn" 

3 SECONW. 


/W Otft*&So 
Of Sffepi. 



71 



WseKMiW&T TO Trt£ 

Tftg fW WAS AtS o 
A CortfrW ftwoetr-pMY 
1W5 IUOULD V$e T06B! 



W NM UIAS TA£ SAME AS TARTA&JA's |U W Pock -. 

to comt m a mmx- 


TAfimiA 
AAP EKR€P 
|M WlM? 

W CMW- 
&AUS fW |A 
WfftCUC WS. 
|W P 6 AUTV, 

MB RE&ISTfW 


W^' BKAUSt 
Af Resiq>Ace 
DIWWI^ At 

m®. 

MVDeS. 


(\um iyem 

»«£ 
W>D IU A 
VIEW 



If) UtofiLp WML I, Tie 

CMIWA) "BIO 9&M’ SHOT M MIL8- 

Tuw as fAK As etfecreo rww 

OKeRSlMfUflEP CALOtADON^I 


73 



6005 (W 

mwev w 
■rmm mw 
teuimt 


him w. Titesf 
Coop ra-y ffe 
CHWaATCD , 

OU TR6 fty! 



A tmt^7o' 

M Len-, 

Mo- y 


VflMZTiC TP-H.es USED To fit CM.CW.MEP 6Y WW05 Of 
“6IFLS" WTH (MW Wms-WDfflH TM MS Sum). 









so Tue MW ?it 
Mac to uiopK op 
Tt€ MKT (JUAP. VDIpP 
ClMMopi M THE 
wozpiR wmop s 



eor sTiu. wwessive-. 
Hffrt tflflOO T 066 S 
fUCKERiflG’ 

MTC> Off 100,000 
UM0S S&9PP, 
#IW0 W*D jo 
fWpM fAP- MOfSE 
«eU$V THW 
wtmpem 

COtJ8TRl/CT^7. 

7 b 







CNMtWfr 

\nro "titCTRomc 



\ouje>ww?ot>otfez> w cowm's wetcm, sinuciw 

im -me who it mnfiois rrseif, H#w MueM 

WglWopy IT ftWD IaV^T f&f? , ere... )o/p Be 
toMSa-f tow Counters &um 6e mm>£ more HKf 
Hi>W W'NG>,“ i.e.,Trte cevrtM. vep-vo ds sifcim 



77 





76 



ton vewi\M fiwosep to iMte M?ojeHS do 


fipp p. ^ To SW$B THf IHSWTlOM* 
Wo A FORM MUCH CoiiP % Slt>R&> IP 
Tue COMPUTER'S /VIEMOW Vow »mw 
U&IU6 STRING Op OVtS W Z6R«- 





/ \ 0 |I 0|||0 x 
OlOIHIOO( 0 | 

. IOII0OotoO( 
VOIOOII 0 /O , 

\ioio'y 


(W> \ 

Wge > 


<? SToRe THP HJSIRUW^ IP ME/AoRV, AUW 
» WITH MATP\CT <?W IWMATl^P (pVM6ef«, 
pp 1 IS WeOT>ep TO po TH£ PACTOW Jog. 


Of 60 IP 6 To , 

. 6 c(Voou ! 


) iPneN ruMm th£ program. peroR the 

0 H^tpi/cTiOW 5 &IPAIOHT FRoiw MEWV, RAW TMp> 
?eAP|^ A |J 0 W PUVlfWP AT 6 A 0 H %P- 




■ THIS IS THf &HC 0 VT Of Ifte 

STORED 

PROGRAM. 


79 



t> * 




Wf&WliC, 

com no. 

STiTCHIW* 

0IOHJO... 




TillS SWRttteW SIMM NCWS W*w T we- 
CP»&W|||>& ||JW 16 ll$T% flfie U>W&- 



low, UW J» 


WCOUTAINS 

eswiAu-v mo 
|»MW. W C*H 
$e m*A> Trttf owe 
MlWT WW-TO , 
S 0 /we COMflUwS 
A TMfltM6 . 








*ww, Tuepc'^ 
&m mum 
m uw> 
wem> tap 

SptfJD PfWAM. 
0£*eST A^ 
fllMWUY 0A|M6t) 
CRePIT, T 00 ... 

AMD M 
ZMAC Wear 
Piss<?weo im 
A weuep of 
WU)SU|TS ow 

wo oiuioep 
WAT tpgA- 


VI0TfUA^6» UKfc 
IT A6NA 1 UVTM 

p vetoes 
tow? up? 



XiUTJirirtJTJTJTJTJTJTJlJT-njTriJTJTJTJi^ 





#• 


STDf?eD P806&WS 
AfiE WHAT sepARAie 

fRoM 

Pfte-fWAr. 






\f Co WO fees up<D P6MW60 M> PMUcy 0HIAC, 
Tuev VUUW'T B& WV'pcr w Af*€ TODAY- 6 oT 

Iftev DIDN'T AMO Tt«Y 


\M im THC Y(M 
AFrep &)IA C W« A 
visaed, A At 
stawo itfvewwe 

IfW, 

USIMIb et&WVfe CMWD 

SeMICOf*DOCTO«6 - 
Liko Tuees, tpawi^m 

CAM H-t$ SKHfcrt^, 

e«r Tut^pe 

q^wc AoweR. 



£3 



Tv€ ftPsT 


iJor 

gp<FW.S|t#YA rt> 
o^t o cata^ of 
Wtuof) poU-Afc) 
|i)f\s prfofPme 
*(UM6 4i _ 

vMepsmez. 



1 tew Tt'e T^ANSlSTcF gfe&Mi f£> SMW / M |NCFeDI0l£ 
HflUTY • TO StfRlM IN C|t^ WJD f(MC6 


peer cam6 

INTHfiRWEP 

A5 

A aN6t^UW--T«w 

iM/ol KAti m 
VERY URfeE'SCAli 
IWAW liWJ 

(lAT AyD v*-0, UftW 
pKKet) HMDtetfOf 

TYMV CM ! 



ypAj #S &PM/k, 1H«- /WOU$fPV &.\LoV&. 

8t 





; * 1 * 1010)1 ftoW«o6f«»r 
f y& $&oVt>. 

8 * 



i^epe's wo end iw , 
sife-HT... un») uie KMie 
Wicpos with rue 
powep or Mpi*, 
"SufePMiWl s * That 

RH/M, 

miW's on a> one „ 
am> mepes m* or 
tebMWk ComPovewts 
To MOOEGOPAP Size 
US/W& pg^flWWANT 
ONA Tim>0U><f... 



thepe seems to ver no Su« rmb A* a oovwrep. with 
Too mt/Cft c<wnn6 p«n#. mo mAttep the steep oft 
cM’Aatv. fowporeps AWMfc ?Wd Jops t& do... amp 
no WON&P- TWS is 1 A& |\6E <?P EXC6S5 IV^o^TicH 1 . 




FAST I 



07 





\p wes ope 
vdgA uie tie ipiep 

TO'OtM (K), 

IT* THAT %€■ 
Co^orefi & 
^Htmr m* , 

\mmi$ 

PROCESSOR. 

« TW 


To UMOeRSTAMP lUfDRMAWp PPoCeSSlW*, 'T HeL-PS TO 
CAMP M?e IT U)ITH A FARIUAP- fRoce%= COOKING. 

SO STCf IKR) 0?AM>Wn«F 0APFA££'S KifCHCM AS SHE 

fRgpARes PASlfi SfAtfRerrt... 


Hope's ine world mm fiKife- 


ezm A Kerne 
lg£7J Op SALTeo UlATCP 
v_x to r>iu. 

ADP 6 Ot. of fcW 
XAm TTI 






f/gj_ 

fell- ftp 10 MI>)otE5. 

<$L 









91 



\r'5 NOT HAPD To DISTINGUISH A few CO/miMTS 

IN THIS faces' S: 


w INPUT. 



. oft 



vmep- 


?ALT 


N&T, TUB BJi/lPMeifl- WlCH DOBS TUB COOKING" HANDS, 
KBTTBf, STOV£, SALTSHAKBNi SIEVP> TLAT 6 , 
SfooN- 




w* «w « processing unit. 


Less oevioosiY, we is a 

/wr«F cw/rs RFflo> 

S W CONTROLS Tee 

10&SS. IT /WOMlTD^S AND 


mSS w ^k sjer ~ » 

* CONTROL UNIT, 



AND Of 

course tab 

coMur® Dl^H, 

OUTPUT. 



OP SfA&WPTTi IS 

wtmtfwto. 1 - m 
teare ewio pe Woce&D 
PV THE SAME eASld 
&JPUCWPB- 




& 


Mth cmwtops, tap d/Aofam is su6ht l ' 1' PiffTpewr 


Tuepe itfe Tiuo peAws 

f&P this- owe is tug 

?A£r THAT IWT AW 
OUTPUT ftfrf IPfSfMATiW. 

mot fpop — So The 
IsW arww & The 

same; AS THE l#(T0 

ones. 



THE OTflgp IS TAP 6FEAT IMfOFTAN 4 # Of 
u)W0rt 0FM« TAP fiFTA A«> fj|JAu 
OO^otituT. |U CoM^TPPS, ML IMWAT/OM _ , 

passes iptd MfMOpy tfpsr ' Hope’s the PiA6fAM ; 


\& $ 

INPUT 0<TP«T 


— n » wmmcfi cdwol 

“Y fUW fUKO 





\N Tf£ ase Of 

CwAfPTflfe, The INrl/T 

Consists cf pa Ti*e 
■£mp" dm To ft ffocesseo- 
AS WfrL AS M 
mm "(fecife; 1 of trogfai*, 
Wrtctt sf^afies wm\rs 
To % POME WITH TH 67 M. 


MEMORY' s ro(»Es 

Ifte UlfPT AND 
pfStiTS froM Tpe 
tt«CeS$IP& UMT: 


f-a 


'PfoT |=fr 


Jf 


hew 


CONTRPl, w* 

The ffteFAM AMOTfApOAr^ 
Vr ivto p Sapuepcg of 
WA<#IPf OFEFAT/OWS. 


T * Pfl>CEJ* WAT 




The OUTPUT co^'sts 

OF T<£ f(toCfSSIM6 UPlTS 
resows, stoffo ip ^tAW 
APd TPAPSMtT(W> To AP 
OPT PUT 



95 











HERE'S TRE REAL TRlte (ah IBM PERSONAL COMPUTE^ , 
Just to Give one ekampee op (too These Concurs 
W Aon/AUT uwK ! 




OMIT. AMP 
fflgufopy #t£ 
HPOSEP IP 
DUE SMfttT 

m- 



wot is e tnem> 

fPOM K^PoAPD- 


PISJC DRIVES 
WWIPfc EXTRA 
Mertopy stoPAse 


other commom nupur/ovreur devices ficwpep) rpc 

a Modem , fi>P seMp/w& md rscph//^ s/e-ws 
over The m>we, a ho a printer , n>g ff*oDoc/«& 

OUTPUT on PARER. 


% 


Let's StMT in Tue IWIDPLe, W THE 



l®fF 


o 

o 


in the Kitchen, a chef /kvav display a pica 

pePEKTOIRE OF PROCESSING foSsipiMTlpS: 



pur. M rue great e«coFHep 
A/MStt-p HAS PE/MARRm AU- 
CAKING TptAVHfUES Ape 

owinmions of Soapier 
sT^ps-. jug application op 
Mope or loss Kent, \pet 

op W, ETC... 


V. 



LIKEWISE, ALL THE POWER of THE COMPUTER 
Offfios° M A °° uae 0P eLEAie^Apv 


J 


97 






0.K-.0-K- 1*0 Wt 
f&TW WOWP W 

push with Cuuwv 
/«rrHPftt)|?s... 






THE CtfMfOW'S PLgMfWTAHV OPgPATtfWS APE 

m 


LOGICAL- 


WHAT’S A LW 
OWATIO*), yoy ASK'? 

A U06ICAU (?ueST<oN, 
CoWSlOFPlM? Ht)u) AMH 
fcASlEP IT 15 To THIVP 
OF OfmiiOtii. 

im NtfUTUvOV OF 
TH6 TW/A1P5 OP 
ipTTUib 0OT Of 6ev 
0*1 MOUlDAys... 


38 





r id gveprWe's , Lome isn't a* wo A* it 

useo To ST- iu Msrone's rm, ta £ QjpJcct was 
DWIP6P WTo IMOPtTive M'P deductu/p Bpancak, 

i»/DI/cni/e WC W Trig Apr 0F |»)F£IW writs BY 
ofleepw VWe, wn-e pgpyCTii/P goGfc pgpuflgp 
TfJUTlH m>M CTitep H*PTnS = 



Lo&iciM cornnxv 
Tue aws/om 
l)J»1ri Sia, •'Mopes’: 

A sr^eMewr ww 
gnueR npue. 
fftise, wKfewv; 
Cpirniw, 
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TrtW^ THe (UPur Mt, 
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output smN,. 



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ftp cowvemfHce <9f luo^TPhrio^.j 



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only <?* M/p r«? 
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116 



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INPUTS AMD A 
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fuUCT ton SELECT 


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since Trtepe is i§> WM of 1 0»m vm of -me 

Mi* actuawy WenTAVp w wt want m 

FUf'ftOpS IH pANflOM STATES, T|l£ input (S*0,FO) I* 

* DISALLOWED. 

we on summarize iHe- RAsic "P-s" pup-fgop tiKe &>■ 



S f* 

Q Q 

1 1 

uo mm 

1 0 

o \ 

0 1 

1 o 

0 o 

P&AUOWP' 


m-oop inputs are auws arrant to make certain 

THE PieAUOWPP 6TAH5 0AM0T ARRU/f. 

157 





By m uiW, A ftip-fwf i5 


At*) CAU® A 

Lakh. 9(ov * 

"U>CK4. PAH'- 





\? Tue FMP'fwf i« A d (Mice m sw&w> cue S\ r, p> 

$T5(ies em *^TW«w*Mr- 

VrtUKfe A p0U> OP PoXiPS, PAcA Ht>U?(N6 £>W flT. 



P Rou) OP fUP-flOPS SHOULD DO Trfg 





...SoftroP- liBPp 
\f V«o 1 M AW 

IMKP THIS W 
PY WOOKiHO UP 
SoMP IfW? To 
R-S fttP-fl. oPS, 

You MW flW 
YouRSgLf 6P00IIW 
CoMfWep! 


139 






The- Solution is to apd a " 6 atiM 3 weriwopK' to to 
PASIC p-s fliP-FtOP. 


D 

E 


| — O - 

S Q - 

4 >°-[> — 

p 5 - 


Hepe "D S 7 AMDS 
fop P/ 4771 , AMD 
"P" StAMCfe W 
VlOTC 

That tab omi^ 

METvJOBK lAAKfiS 

it iMpossieco fbp 
P AMD s TO &P 

7 P 2 n v 



lUAEW f’l, Th£W 
P*P AMD S--p 
CfJor-py Bence, 
The VAwe or p 
is stop® at q. 
iw oTAa? OUofps, 

** m ws> 

The PIT P To 
pe toAP® i pro 
The flip- flop 



Ippep e^o, 

S app P pub 

pewe i, NJp 

ThP FUf- flop 

Does wot ChAwee. 

THAT IS, £*0 

Blocks tac 
appa/m of nope 
Pata- 







S0'l» Trtt SflWT OF 
IfPOlUKb Tie IW 
ouce TKeY'fe WDtfsToop 
[be EVE/J VUIftW Fi£R 
yupeftSTftMDiM^ TrtEM], 

ipe iueopPoaate rue 

SAW WETlOPW 
iw]d th£ m. amp DRbtb 
Ttte SATED LATEX UKE, 
So, 



fpu .4 


Z' «eR6<5 A 

»w op Pe&t$ 



mot the over 

jy tt**-'*"*'' * , w ’ - 

j, rot a oeviwe (vieMeee. <?f the. ppeepf 


PATA iw 



OM E^, 
W 0 rrs 
AXE SIlW- 
TAMEOuslr 
U>Apa> 
urro me, 
latexes! 


EMNJie 

pata oor 

Mou) what Eajjwls rxe'eAipei ^ 1 impot? 


141 



¥> CAUCD 

PuMW (Sfo, 


1 $ SO 0 U (\S VoU 
TofW pmMOest/ops 
OF W# ARiSB 5 HOU» w>6 
DO Yoo srofle it? pew 
00 w MoV& Ft 1 tfWW 00 
Yffv wtm>iJ ne Si^ms ? 

xn&e \csv& m a> ^i7icAt 

that u>6ic tom Memx 
,|L jo Oi^'Wbvm It Wan rue 

■ iob\c efmcM'Uss 


IW<MS- To nm Tuo sb^Ewtiac lo^ic /w S W, 

# ALL COMPUTERS HAVE CLOCICSI 

THE CLOCK'S poise IS T«e 0/vmeft'S m^J-OHLY 
\MSlPAP OP A WARM, f?A0£gp ffrAlAM HBAPrEW^ W« WS — 

AAAAAAAAAA 

the co(Atvrep‘« foise is s^oape aw aw*-- 

.juyuuuuu 

one poise -*\ i *- 

OUP a.or.K Pulse |6 TAB & 0 P&T OP CopelOT WHBW aoCK 

S$S Ete,»Tr&wsrr 

i»&K ’ 5 ® $ * 

Sux*> 
a>Mfl»rap : 



1 0COOOO 


SJU. juinnnnimnnnnnminnnnnnfinnnimr 

141 




CU)Qc. 



A 

B 

<?t/T 


That fuisg A 

AM> BPieF AS It IS, IT CA*» 

CAUSE A fWP-aoP To Ft-pp! 

Jbme ~ 7 \ 


143 




rue 6 utch is pete* m> ft the 

MflsreR'SLm FtJf-w.- 

pATA p—ff — Ip q - 


C«>Ck 




f w mepf \ 

' 

MASTER, AM? 
CMT MP 
tOSiliOM W®S 

MR A. y 

, Sum 1 . / 


TUP ||)\ieRT0> CpoCK SI6UM To W SLAVE fL|P fLOf 

Delay* Tap pata /w(Vr from w-rivimp at tap slave 

UWfiL TAP E0 Or A CLOCK fOLSfc AFTCR ALL 6LirCfl«. 

W«ve v\w opr. pxAwfoe, siwoee we- want to 

POAP TAP PfT 1 IMTo TrtP FUf-poP 


CLOCK 


master Si 
SLAVE <? 


&UTCR, P?P 

DJKATevfeiR 
.P 6 A 50 JJ/ / 


PATA 
EUIERS 
SLAVE AT 
CLOCK *0. 


as usoal, me 

DRAW TKE WROte 
TpdW& AS A 
siwoLe fax 1 - 


cw-Ksf h 5 


m 





stpin6in6 p> wc/Msep, of prtASTep-stAve n-ip- ftops 
WlH» makes in <SM5? 


CLOCK 



data EATer a Swfr A&6 iSto8 <pwe Bit at A u/we, 

SA\fT)N6 TO TAB pl£AT VITA EAQI NBA) CLOCK F^LSE . 

foP exAMPce, TAB 1-7-7 1 1 1 

NIBBLE UOt WOULO '•W 1 

BUT0P TAB SpIfT ' 1 1 1 1 

p^lSTtp LIK6 THIS’ 1 . 

Each clock fulse ^ Q 1 1 1 I — 1 

BPIWOS A New giT 

|ATo Tie PK>l«T 0 p. , , , 1 , 

(W DOm'T Tab r J 1 A 1 

glT TFAveo KU, w 1 I I W I I I 1 

&?«? 11 loll 1 

Ll«wise, w mu-e , .- ■- 1 

shift* oar ow at * 110-4 

at a me. i I I Li 1 

O SAIfT AfOlST^ Afg USBFU. WPCM WfiWRW IS To 
BE THANSMtTTep SeftAU, Y, OK OAA KIT Ar A 77 MET 







r 


'MW*, A SfEC/AL KlVD OF — 

* COUNTER. 


A couicrep is just what 
it sooups im - iomms 
That counts, id omen 
vwps, it's a Huiirep, 

THAT MCfcMNrS iTSftf- 
ApO« 1 Jo ITS CoDj&ns- 
WHEHEVW A “CoOMT* 

§WIAU ARRIVES . 



CootrriV 


L 


EBBaaEBH 


BBBrararaEq 


L-» |o|o|o|pic>igmo i 
frc! 


DESCRI560 l*> THAT lAAy, A QjOlUTeR SOWS £/VSy To |YIAKP : Mr 

cofflvt M apc*R With a Re^isreR ■' This would i« pact 
w«Rtc, ft* THgftfs aid even suiactR wav, pask> od mm 

^Motp this mm slave pHp pwf, 
COOfteD 0A£A <?H liSEtf: 





146 



as usuw,, m awemte w WHue ciftcoir 
PY THIS $'«<W 8 o\. THE T Is W Toe* ee. 
To metre that, the wp Toeet&e uiH&oaa 
T't- Tmw h^5 0011 wuinep' eaoi m-(U>? 
Tobyme at mr the me or mote to 

ITS l^fT: 



147 







a Pew of More; 


I TniS COUMTefl 19 CAKTp 
PMJ "ASYUCHRON^ KiP pee 
COO/OTEP," F6CAW& t«F 
COl/UT plffLOS TKPOUCH 
?Fom ove f up- flop x o 
mi Tws causes a 
sucht Da Ay BZfope Tue 
Cdujut is Re^isTDRep. 



CH3C 



W \0 the t£ 
corner poise 
AAfwes, THF 
Gouviep- ReTuPw 
To O. To 6 o 
W^Hgp TftAV 19, 
MOl»e ftiP fWP* 

m veepep. 


T3CMfOOTK>OTI^D4>^ 

This i 4 - pit cwUTep cam 6o ^om o to a'^-i -- i6,3£3 



\mt 0 WAl 

CviFrt 


THE N 7 " fUPFW IM A PHTtf COUVTEP. 

p/v/p igs tup imcowwo fotse gy a.. This is 

TAP PAIMOlPtr DM WHICH PIOITAL WATCHK At* 
PASeD; A AIOH-WKVPMCV |WTeP-AlAU CLOCK 
fix.se is pividco To a PMe cx pneamx 
m cyar ^-p seceMp. 

ao^. .n nJUuiJinnJuim umn^ 

1 9 : 



THgpe AAe ALSO SHNCHROmS 

?»n»» 

AMP COUMTeA-S UIWCH fcU/pL 1 
ToD CM AW PATASSIDM0P 
WMKPR. IW AW CAST, ffoM 
WW OM, A CWIEF- IS vWST 
AMOTAPP PCACK gbX V 






TH6 muni ? NMO •• 


1. SlW THAT 


, _tn I* THP /v. 

CL>— same as — P» — 




% p - 


ISTfte -*TX 

same as — iy 


concwoe that ftu. logic cag ge 

^ D»wep (%>M r«e 

i. cw M same Be pone with Notf 


f 4. &W6M A 4 -bit SHIFT Re£*St#, 


3 - Stteiu That 




ReogAe> THE AddeP 
OM p rw> GSIV6 ojopy 
/VA/pp-eAres. 



show its cwItphts after ea4i 
o ? w clock pplsk h rue 
wiBfce ooii is evreAep- 


WW W0UL0 VoP attack' 
A Putter To A oxwep 
To -SOOMp whem T«e 
Cwur Hits hive . 
{-\oo\ iu empy) 1 - 
Hinn wok at ute s&v 
ear evaep ou p. i&). 


b. cof«/in« yoypsaf that 
ATTAWO i^eprepsTo 
IKE 0 UTPUT 5 MAKES' A 
COPMTBF COUKT pACKVAPPS. 


m 






U TAP IMfWf 
(X aecrMc 
CMfOTiM, fteWY 

m m-wws me 

bows m trtA/o SHeep 

CO(APUT||J<b fljuiefl. 

fiony op pro cess/w^ 
coou) ee Dome ujith , 
RglfUivJeiY pan ®m?oaW5, 

Bin- eim increase iv 

MEMOgy SlMPLy MEAPT 


mmR 


me k'VN', 

prtY W pwces To STORE 
TjWrtS! 



Since tkca>, Resent into meiw techhoo^ has 
PR oy^HT pouv w Cost consider a«t. fop a ©o , 
AoNDPeo poctAgs yjy cap pop A Micro wta over. e>4,ooo 
fV»s op MPMOPy compap® with Mtoag’i mow 
of Mbor ioo Mpegs *— at a 5$ jot muio»$t< 



*eoiK did W 

ODMfOTe IP 
PiPARY. 



AN iwfoPTMT 
Di-otiNcr/ov exists 
RETweew 

ELECTRONIC 

AMD 

E 1 KIR 0 - 

mm 

MEnoPV Devices. 


PtecTWiC. M^W/eS, WITH 
fTo MCNINO roprs, /vpg 
as fAST as the pesi( 5 f 
THE coworeR. 

eiK-TRPMeCHAN/CAt- M00$I5$ 
me fcOVlM fAFlS, LIKE 

disks op ppas of tape. 

This MAKES TW SLOW— 
HOW SLOW DEfEND/WO 
Ow The TffL Of memory. 



Electronic MeMopes spegb 

MAKES THEM IDEAL fop THE 
COMfUTep'S MAIN, OP INTCPA/AL 
(\AEM0PY, wwle ELECTRO- 
MECHANICAL MEMopigE ARE 

used foP Auxiliary Storage 

OUTSIDE THE MACHINE, 


EierPcMAOMETio memories 

COMPENSATE fop TrtElP SiouIUESS 
WITH A ^AVTIC CAPACITY 
one RAPP Disk can Store 
U f To Tew MILLION 0YTB3. 
COMPARED WITH A TYPICAL jVuc&A 
(AMM MEMORY Of 05,630. 
(■2"0 PVres. 


1ST 





IWTPF«At MPAWY 
CAV Be TUPU^rtT Of AS 
A S/MPte 6 R 0 , u»iTf* A 
cot at each iHTe^secw- 
DtffcPW otJ the 

CoWfUTCfl, EACH cat CM) 

AotP owe byte. two 

BYTES, OF note 


■F 

BRSB 

IK! 

«■ 

■ 

m 

■K 

>SBii 

InMi 


Sfl 1 
■fl 

In 

■V 

\Wk 

■iBi 


■ M 

71 

|mi 

■ 

m 

iV|j 

M 


■■ 

im 




evepy cat hp* a msye AppRESS, specify m, 

IpAPPe IT SITS IV THE &w- ^ 

C 0 U/MP 

o <? 0 c c 

0 0 0 I 


O 

S 


0 

1 


i I 


°o 


etc 


fiM 


oooo 


ooo\ -E 3 -EH 3 -ffif ^3 


Access 


oo\o oou 

^ ' 

ROU) CPM**^ 


IW VFACTiCe, THERE MAY PC 

MAWPSWCA fifiips, |W WHICH 

CAse The address specifies 
Tie 6Rp wdmw-.as wot 
AS "Vue Row AMD CCU//W 
WlTWW IT. 


BB13^ 


I\PP^S 5 

PIP) IPPI WIO 

CCLVM 



l£Tc' 


Do m covmt A ceiC* appr^s with 
tfc awejjrs !! 


155 



IWAT IS TrtE fKAXfMUM MMEER 

op certs Tup CcuVuten can 
ADDftss? this P&?erop& op me 
|^JU6TH AND STAUCTOPE , 

Of THE GOiHfUTDR'S VWS. 
p»P eCAA^le, A 32 -Pit 
/MACHINE MAY INTEPPRET 
The rust g grr$ as aw 
INSTRUCTION-. 


ipsrfifcw 

— A 


DGEEIIIIEOEEQ 


'".'HD 


M 0/T APPAEW 


...AM) THE REMAINING *f fits 

AS AH APDfrESS. 

|H THAT CASE, AODPESSgs CAP 
BE AVVWIW& geru^H 


M g-Brr (v»icP4>, on Tile 
0THEH HAND, MlOHT 
fAOCeSS TWEE BVTES 
in Succession: 

Itfloli Klolililu 
AN INSTRUCTION, 

r»uioi»i> loi.ioj 

The fiPsr AM-F 

OF AN APPA6SS, 

|^|o|ol» |Qll |o|o| 

a«d The Second 
HW-F OF AN APDflESS. 

►► here rue address 

r l& 16 PITS U>N6, 
OlUINfc a. u ’,£,£,556 
foSSIPtE APDAESSK. 


CWOOD ■•••£> 

AND 

MU I * a a<f -i 


61UIP6 a* ff fossil MEMORY 

cett«. 




16- Pit IMPS AAe 
OFTEN Spur tit* 
THIS |NT& HIDHEft- 
tewa. AND uweR- 

leva- pyres. 




** e 




op- 8^ -16, ML*. 

W«ex -- 16^256 


&rcl 



rWSTflse^-iojWieEfts ptaig W e dibits o* s 0 

H&XApBC//WAL W0&05 PIPITS 0 To pipr^J -rt(£ 

extms AftE (Wes^TO) ef the imeS (Rf.‘ 


DEOMAi. 


Hex 

fa? exwvifte: 
4Aop |tEK - 

4*16* 

+ IO1O6 1 
+■ 016 
+ 13* 1 


l 2. B ^ ^ 7 # 9 U? II iz. (3 /4 |£ 


1^957, 


IUIMH. 


I 2 M^tTJAAgCPEf 
To OHVepr glWApy tp HEX: 

g£W the gixW xiimeeg itm> 

HlWteS, STXffDUfo FJiPM the 
W 6KT £p«verr eftcf* effete to 
A HEX «6it! 

101 mo oi£>i ton 

V "T'' V T' V' 


157 




ffcw w HPkpPlPI'ftE <WT OF View, THeffE ARE THREE 
maim types o? memory. 

5$f 

ine*oRies use 

UTTLC MA6PE1i6 

nouawrs-YbfK. 
eA encode aw . -■ 

re aectRicMTV 4 

Mtewemep \n <?we ■ 

of two oipecrw* 1 ^ 

RerfteseynM 

o a»p i. 

■ ^W~^0$£tHCOHfuifo£ ‘WEMOWW 1 

VWpV\A /Vt> 




OSes fuffwps 

90 I^^pRY 
nea is eKewUY 
A CfAAAu-a.) AeeiSTfRi 


H^qjqtqjqMPfR 



o, 


ft 


INDICATES A l OR 
0 AT EACH SMO 
fCNWT ?Y THE 

«?#*> 
etgCTWt CoUMBtfiOA 
WAe. 



1 (0 i 1 <? o o 1 


Wffll ) g T^DS m 

-pWDOM access N'EAWV," 
(ACM/IW6 THAT My Cat 

cpn % Accesses pigecitY. 
Fpm w o#e Mewes 

Al%> fHOVlDe gA)J0OM 

access, P^r f&p some 

f^spv RAM H^66et> the 

pirn 1 - 








The fgftCTic/vt 
Difif^eNCE 


PETIPA THEM 15 

That Yao cm cycy 
REAP WWTS (P 


ppm, mice wrm 
few yen/ mi gevp 
THiv&scur op 
WPre 7B6M /f) 
with equM etee. 



wrt»/ You loW A fwEP/w 
\mtc ths co/wurep, it is 
stops? IM /J 4M* 


l«9 




ovroiwmi-'J, 




===B\ vr fo peers w I’m vwm t« poioep 

[MSS^/ is m>ep off. 


fop eXAMfue. l ou)M A Tower 

coi » ipoTep i*ntn lea? pvres op pam. it m srote up 
T o Teu ppo^AMS evtN uHem row it off, 

PPCAOSE IT K 66 PS Some eimtiCtlY P 0 UUIW 6 Ti«WH 
Me HOP V. 


gut uWP 

1$ wr-im 
pift... 

eve -eve, , 


p D PDDD O 
pppppd a 
pj C3 PDPD CD 
tpltJ DODP O 

[e*c 3 C 3 ipcpacj 


a*# 

p<- 

E 2 I^ 

G 23 & 

tfpxtfaya &{V2i &>t 

10 §Z 3 EsEJ fffipafrpza 
K» UaVnVD E5 



PAM volatiutV is we 

peASo» THAT TUP 
MA&WflCfMT, DofAltlBte 
Cowporep is wivemu. 
to T«e vA^Apies of 
ouTMopeO, eRHATic fowep 
06 hcpM 6 Stations ! ^ 




■i 

« 1 - il 


pkap-owy MewM — 

oiSce ns ccujevT*? m enepev, 

CM (JEV^F peulplTTeiJ* 

OFftWFIlV Rom IS PI ? ocfiMMep 

AT Trie FACTORV, BUT TKgf?e A&R 

NtoUl ALSO f^0(jgf-?|lo6P/W'AP^ 

flOMS- M«4< CA»J RE Cust&m- 
^(bPAW To TUB USBRS 
creciffcr/vritftfs. ^ s. 


*excerr ft>( i 
BpROM - 

e*teA&.e 
XlobMmfeu 
m-eir ve 
woP t #rr 
IPTo t^t! 



what Affc 
YW POifo 
OP j 


To pMftv 
SHACK 
T2> 6^T y 
WO' / 



MUKfc PAM, ftW 

IS M'WMm 


it Keeps its 

ODNTBKTS 0/pW 
UiTHwr fowep. 
AFTep AU-, It's 
W(«6 0OT A 
W6F efto OF UlAfo 
(OIW PBVSIOL- „ 
CDWecriOHS At SSWB 
|NTCRSecW5. 

1N5 CoMPeCT/OKS 
BEMMAI, $£bmi&* 
OF LlKTP-16 COPBeait 


MO? I 4 AY 
I HCAV 




(vvd, (\s loeu, see, pp/w oays 
(W fiwfcfrriVNT RPPg INI 
W CoMRUTep'S COMTP-Pt- 
section 

IM. 





Ttte RfKT 8AM 

CM? i»rm IK 

PITS Of STOW# 

Idas a 

S6NSPT/0P- 
8UT fW 
64 K l$ 

CoMlW, AW TUP 
iSfc-K Ck(P , 

« Rpv)epj 

HOC Tl 


KKK? 




pespire Ttfe Sfwrn of P.AM capacity; 
SMPTIMeS IT IS mot TH£ AA'SU'SK To 

eve j?y pUAyep ;/ 


( Stwu) OS 

Tne imAY to 
stoac 

Moftr 

TWVJ lAT^AC 
SAM CaY 
WtP! 



U 6 AASY Of J 




WVDOM ^ce& 


ftp eXAMfLf. 





fASiftt, Less mkv, aw TAg cmm cm Aoe 
CHOICE IS Trie 



A Pi£> ^fur» Ss’sreM U&uaW/Y /vwunfw- Disk 
DfMl/K, WW ftoW^ApH-AtfMMKfc f&o/WP Heaps 
0APHW6 flWK MO R)(t|H Aqzpss Ifle *WltPt> fOVrrefJS. 

Atf SMMlv 

Lowest 

MAweric 
PISA'S MAce 
(FJCtSTic. 

Tri^iwys 

m jw i&w 

D^CAwcREPtre 

kTJ? 




25*g, ^Tie AiASs srowwe iea\poux>[&> \uam 

&U&BL6 CHflR6&- COUP LBP DEVICES 

*0 OPW t>!SK& m 9Y DASeps. ’ 




f UKfc lurepm tmow, mass srcp^e /wstpp 

0(5. WMATtep." We T«e floppy PlSK pop BCMPlE; 


B 

is 


n 


■ WlM ■ 


floppies m ®mcm> 
WTO FI MI’S too 
secrpfcs — Tiwee. . 
kinos amd ei<snr setfosj 
in this vepy ouep- 
SMPMfifD disk. 

(iYs we uke at 
seeroas aw>77 finds 
M a earning disk.") 


To (k^ess A PP^Ticoum 
BUOCk Of DMA, yoo 
Sfl&«V THe piMD puMFef 
Amd sk-top uoMeeP. tfen 
T flE DISK DRue 

Vl spins tke Disk 
umilthat secrof. 

Lie-S UMDfp Tue 

Few/mane new 

a> Mcaik me HeAp 
IM OK OOTtO 
me fpopEB f m. 



I IS1 T fcgjf 

l« 


o 

0 


a men pam^w, 

I&iho a MicpocoMftnep 
To improve pfooucTivnV, 
W$ The APPfeWre 

PRAAMS (fpO/VI ##J/7£ 

Ht/e.) &Topa? on 

nonne&. 


'HA/p i/i 9 ?k 
7 Ast^ 

T«ev /ype, 
\ Tap.’ > 



fW IP 

/OHIY W 
1 Pepfte \ 
mo ca^j a 
see th*. 1 

U^T H» ' 
topie , 
Mto AA»y 
OHTw* / 
vU 9 r- y 


B/epproM ) a GouefwwevT 
sPw t*s cist. . y A6W (take 

Voug nov) 

_ MAlMTAIlte files 
on the af)-zenPi' storet 
_ on A/y p p i«k- ’ 
wSUiSTO 


te ?/toiop coMpftvv 
Sropes no gwgie 
MfMopy THE MESSAGE: 

"the nuMBeg you wm/e 
Peached >s hot w 
Service ..•* 



^yVM-. ‘SoiM'ds 

ire A 

V6REAI 
. eepg’/i. / 


UIEU, Yoy GET THE PtCTi/Rp, 

Now it's t/ME to Move 30.. 



ACOup WTrt lyprr/wnpvr 
Memory a^o the fipJTrtwerc' 
E«C>IG COUWL is. 

The toMfuTep's. piral, Cfirac- 
Imerepiert: <x>g olp 
SCHEMATIC diagram $m*> 
The Oouj of 


cprtpoi (*♦•) AW 
IiWMATiOR (e£V 


iHfOT 



IT HECps To pepRMR 
THI9 MteRAM ju A 
WAY THAT BETTER 
REFCKT9 A 
6eRtw computer 
D f6l OR KA/OU/V AS 
"gV6 ARCHITECTURE-" 


The vertical ap-Pouj4, 
fefftESeYTiWo ziecwmi, 
fAWAYs A BYTE 

op. more wipe. Pipe 
The Bust 5. 


ACcpRIW TO SiOft/ACS 
PASSED AlowO the 
CORTRoc Bus, ADDRESSES 
ARP PAT A eft PH Awo 

PROVISO that oddy 
ore "PAsseuseB" car 

£ioe Tne pus at 
A TIME. 


1® f»W y D 



Wote that au. the arrows or the coutroc bus 

DP4i fOIRT /JloWp fPOIVl THE OOWTPOi. eeCTtOV- 

qo 







Kptu mm ro ima &m tms coutm., ppom uihich au 
dapk Appoint few MAP '?'? 


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m 






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o^\im mTfmm! 



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t ADP TtB SECoup 
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AOVMUUATOR). 

2. (WTfVr THe CPwl&RTs 

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3 halt. 



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To emeu this \ts pRcpe* AsseMBcy we- m^t 

specify The f peace LOCATION IN memory Of Trte TWO 

wunAgefK To g& Appep, and Comdex the wordy 
statements into mnemonic*- abbreviations. suppose, 

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IE AWo IF (HEXAPEOMAL). CW PROGRAM BECoMeS; 


a i«oe 
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1 . /ADD IF 

a. oo-[ 


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\w ceweuM., ASseMPiY-UANEi/Aee StateMcnts 
HAVE two PARTS- ■ 


The 

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STEP TO RE pEpfbpMED 


AS IN' 


\] 


U>A1E 


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on WHICH the OPepAToR 


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0 ? 161 figST 
v &n^f f 



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UAWPoAPP f&PPAM, HcAP 00 Wd 
ftep IT To TueMWE — WHICH 
OPLV UWDgP9nvMt^ ok'fiU? I S ? 


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0ACH OPERATOR is fytCWP AS A &TP-INP OF 
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Tp 


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THE- IU^TRUCTiOM RE6l$TeT UOW PWS THE PiRST 
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t7 e%*£.fEfc^i£ 

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v.y.v.vM 


address 

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0 3. Moves CONTENTS To ACCOMUlAToft 

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178 




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m r ‘sxe?, aw ‘ 


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To 


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coowrep ow 
00000001) 


ADDRESS 

Poster 




1.1 Move CoMiefn? To ipsttoctiop 

OP T^T ADORCSs RE^lSreSR 


Tie iwsrpucfiou ip T«e ivs-rPiCTiok 1 Rearer, oioum. 
cwse& coptw 



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1.3 Move C0PTeW& Xn 
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184 







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WWTops disk DPWk, Key&wos, w omep 
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OP the HA/&EST 
iwtm piBovr 
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efoiWwib im power, sonWRe ocly <3ets mope 
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191 




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f, 


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success vah)K 
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Abacus, 32-34, 43 
Abbreviations, mnemonic, 175 
Abstract symbol-manipulation, 42 
Accumulator, 173 
Ada programming language, 235 
Adder, 123 
i-bit, 125-126 
Adding machines, 59 
Address register, 173 
Addresses, 155 
possible, 156 
Aiken, Howard, 72 
Algebra, 40 
Boolean, 101-105 
Algorism, 41-42 
Algorithms, 41, 195 
examples of, 196 
examples of non-algorithms, 197 
flow of, 198 
Al-Khwarismi, 40 
Alphabet, 30-31 
Alphabetical order, 31 
Alphanumeric information, 130 
ALU (arithmetic logic unit), 130-132 
American Standard Code for Information 
Interchange (ASCII). 128 
Analysis, 200 
Analytical Engine, 53-55 
AND-gate, 107 
multiple-input, 111 
seatbelt buzzer in, 109 
AND logical operator, 103 
Applications software, 222 
Arabs, 40-43 

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU), 130-132 
Arithmetic on paper, 39 
Arithmetic table, Chinese, 29 
Artificial intelligence, 230-231 
ASCII (American Standard Code for 
Information Interchange), 128 


Assemblers, 205 
Assembly language, 174-176 
Assembly language statements, 175 
Asynchronous ripple counter, 148 
Automated type-setter, 54 
Automatic switches, 106-109 

B register, 173 
Babbage, Charles, 51756, 58 
Babbage’s Law, 58 
Ballistic tables, 74 
Ballistics, 73 

BASIC language, 162, 206 
basic, 207-209 
Begin box, 198 
Binary calculation, 121 
Binary code, 205 
Binary coded decimal, 127 
Binary numbers, 115 
adding two, 121 
counting in, 120 
multiplying, 122 
subtracting, 122 

translated into decimal numbers, 
119 

Binary strings, 130 
Bits, 123 
carry, 125 
Bone, tally, 20, 23 
Boole, George, 101 
Boolean algebra, 101-105 
Boxes, specially shaped, 198 
Branch instructions, 183 
Bubble memories, 166 
Bugs, 210, 211 
Bus architecture, 170 
Bytes, 123 

C register, 173 
CAD/CAM, 234 



Calculation, 34 
binary, 121 
Calculators, 36 
mechanical, 59 
Calculus, 34 

Cards, punched, see Punched cards 

Carroll, Lewis, 100 

Carry bit, 125 

Cash registers, 59 

Census tabulators, 60 

Charge-coupled devices, 166 

Chinese arithmetic table, 29 

Chinese number system, 27-29 

Chinese writing, 22 

Circuits 

electrical, completing, 62 
integrated, 84 
Clocks, 142-143 
Codes, secret, 232-233 
Combinational logic, 142 
Communication, 229 
Compilers, 205, 223 
Computer-aided design/computer-aided 
manufacture, 234 
Computers, 5-6 
clocks and, 142-143 
control of, 237-241 
Cray-i, 226 
describing, 89 
evolution of, 14 
IBM Personal, 96 
information and, 6 
problems with, 237-241 
research in, 153 
size of, 152 

Conditional branch box, 198 
Conditional jumps, 57, 183 
“smart,” 215 
Control, 170 
transfer of, 183 
Control bus, 170 
Control flow, 93-94 
Control unit, 92 
Core memories, 158 
Counters, 146-148 
asynchronous ripple, 148 
synchronous, 148 
Counting 

binary and decimal, 120 
digital, 19 


Cray-i computer, 226 
Crusaders, 44 
Cryptography, 232-233 
Cycles, 142 
Cyphertext, 233 

Data base management, 224 
Data bases, 224 
Data processing, 63 
Decimal system, 115 
binary numbers translated into, 119 
Decoders, 129 
Deductive logic, 99 
“Difference Engine, The,” 51-52 
Digital counting, 19 
Disallowed input, 137 
Disks, magnetic and floppy, 166-167 
DNA, 12 

DNA-protein system, 13 

DNA technology, recombinant, 86 

Duns Scotus, 99 

EBCDIC, 128 
Eckert, J. Presper, 74 
Egyptian number system, 26 
Egyptians, 22 
Electric “mouse,” 7 
Electrical circuits, completing, 62 
Electricity, 65 

Electromechanical memories, 154 
Electromechanical switches, 71 
Electronic memories, 154 
Electronic Numerical Integrator and 
Calculator (ENIAC), 75-76 
Encoders, 129 
Encoding instructions, 79 
End box, 198 

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator 
and Calculator), 75-76 
EPROM, 161 
Expert systems, 231 
External storage of information, 20 

Facts, 7 

Fetching instructions, 178 
Fibonacci sequence, 219 
Fields, 176 

Fives, counting by, 23 
Flight simulators, 235 
Flip-flop inputs, 137 



Hip-flops, 133-137 
master-slave, 144 

Floating point representation, 127 
Hoppy disks, 166-167 
How charts, 198-200 
examples of, 199 
for multiple plug-ins, 203 
for roommate receipts, 202 
For-next commands, 218 
FORTRAN, 206 

Gating network, 140 
Gene, 12 
Glitches, 143 
Go-to statement, 215 
Grammar, laws of, 18 
Graphics, 228 

Gravitation, theory of, 45-46 
Greek mathematicians, 33 

Handfuls, counting by, 24-25 
Hardware, 187 

Hertz (one cycle per second), 142 
Hexadecimal numerals, 157 
Higher-level programming languages, 
205 

Hindus, 37-38 
Hollerith, Herman, 60, 64 

IBM, 64 

IBM Personal Computer, 96 
If-then statement, 215 
Incas, 22 
Increments, 146 
Inductive logic, 99 
Industrial Revolution, 49 
Information 
ages of, 1-86 
alphanumeric, 130 
computers and, 6 
defined, 7-8 
excess, 3-5, 86 
external storage of, 20 
forms of, 8-9 
power of, 12 
stored, 10 

Information flow, 93-94 
Information processing, n 
understanding, 90 
Information theory, 7 


Input, 48, 92, 95 
card-reading device, 54 
disallowed, 137 
flip-flop, 137 
Input box, 198 

Input-output (I/O) tables, no, 112-113 
Input statement, 214 
Input wire, 106 
Instruction register, 173 
Instruction set. Motorola 6800, 182 
Instructions, 48 
branch or jump, 183 
8-bit, 156 
encoding, 79 
fetching, 178 
machine, 176 
microinstructions, 178 
to mill, 53 
Integers, 127 
Integrated circuits, 84 
Integration, large-scale and very 
large-scale, 84 

Intelligence, artificial, 230-231 
Internal memory, 155 
Interpreters, 205 
Inverters, 108 

I/O (input-output) tables, no, 112—113 

Jacquard, Joseph Marie, 50 
Japanese calculation of pi, 29 
Jump, conditional, see Conditional jumps 
Jump instructions, 183 

K (kilo), 163 

Language 

assembly, see Assembly language 
entries 

BASIC, see BASIC language 
expressive, 17 

higher-level programming, 205 
machine, 177 

Large-scale integration (LSI), 84 
Latches, 138 
gated, 140 

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 47 
Let statement, 211 
Life form, 13 
competing, 240 
Line numbers, 209 



Loaders, 223 
Logic, 99 
combinational, 142 
laws of, 18 
sequential, 142 
simple, 150 
symbolic, 101 

Logic gates, multiple-input, hi 
L ogic unit, arithmetic (ALU), 130-13 2 
Logical operations, 98 
Logical operators, 103-104 
Logical spaghetti, 87-184 
Loom, Jacquard, 50 
Looping, value of, 57 
Lovelace, Ada, 56-58 

Machine instruction, 176 
Machine language, 177 
Magnetic disks, 166 
Magnetic tape, 165 
Mainframes, 85 
Mark I, 72 
Mass storage, 165 
uses of, 168 

Master-slave flip-flop, 144 
Mauchly, John, 74 
Mechanical calculators, 59 
Megaflops, 85 
Memory, 94, 95 
bubble, 166 
core, 158 

electromechanical, 154 
electronic, 154 
internal, 155 

random access (RAM), 159 
read-only, see Read-only memory 
Memory unit, 54 
Merge program, 81 
Messages, form of, 16 
Messenger RNA, 12 

“Method of the Celestial Element, The,” 
29 

Microcomputer, 85 

Microinstructions, 178 

Microprogram, 181 

Military software, 235 

Mill of the Analytical Engine, 53-55 

Minicomputer, 85 

Mnemonic abbreviations, 175 


Modem, 96 

Motorola 6800 instruction set, 182 
“Mouse,” electric, 7 
Multiple-input logic gates, hi 
M ultiplication, binary, 122 
Music, 9 

NAND-gate, 134 
Napier, John, 47 
“Napier’s bones,” 47 
Newton, Isaac, 45 
Nibbles, 124 
NOR-gate, 138 
NOT logical operator, 104 
Nucleotide pairs, 12 
Number system 
Chinese, 27-29 
Egyptian, 26 
Numbers, 18 

binary, see Binary numbers 
hexadecimal, 157 
Numerical variables, 210-211 

Object code, 205 
Op-code, 176 
Operand, 175 
Operating system, 223 
Operations, logical, 98 
Operator, 175 
logical, 103-104 
Optic nerve, 8 
Optical disks, 166 
OR-gate, 108 
multiple-input, m 
OR logical operator, 103 
Order, alphabetical, 31 
Output, 54, 92, 95 
Output box, 198 
Output wire, 106 

Paper, 37 
arithmetic on, 39 
Paper tape, 165 
Papermaking, 43 
Parallel registers, 141 
Pascal, 206 
Pascal, Blaise, 47 
Personal Computer, IBM, 96 
Pi, Japanese calculation of, 29 


246 



Pictograms, 30-31 

Pictures, 8 

Pixels, 228 

Plaintext, 233 

Powers of two, 118 

Print statement, 212 

Printer, 96 

Procedure box, 198 

Processing unit, 92, 95, 97 

Program counter, 173 

Programmable ROMs (PROMS), 161 

Programmer, first, 57 

Programming languages, higher-level, 

205 

Programs, see also Software 
microprogram, 181 
for multiple plug-ins, 217 
for roommate receipts, 216 
self-modification by, 80 
sort and merge, 81 
stored, 78-80, 82 
Prompts, 208 

PROMS (programmable ROMs), 161 
Punched cards, 49-50, 165 
functions of, 55 
input device for, 54 
responses on, 61 
Punctuation, 209 
Pushbutton switches, 67 

Random access memory (RAM), 158-160 
Read-data statement, 210 
Read-only memory (ROM), 158-159, 161 
programmable (PROMS), 161 
uses of, 162 

Recombinant DNA technology, 86 
Recorded signals, 10 
Registers, 139 
parallel, 141 
shift, 144 
Relay 

telephone, 69 
Relay, automatic, 68 
Remarks, 209 
Renaissance, 44 
Return key, 208 
Rings on floppy disks, 167 
Ripple counter, asynchronous, 148 
RNA, messenger, 12 


Robots, 234 

ROM, see Read-Only memory 
Romans, 34-35 
Rotary switches, 67 
Run statement, 208 

Schickard, Wilhelm, 47 
Scientific problems, 226-227 
Secret codes, 232-233 
Sectors on floppy disks, 167 
Self-modification, program, 80 
Self-reproducing machines, 193 
Semicolons, 213 
Semiconductors, 83 
Senses, 15 

Sensory impressions, 15 
Sequential logic, 142 
Shannon, Claude, 7 
Shift register, 145 
Signals, 8-9 
recorded, 10 
Simulations, 226-227 
Software, 185-236 
applications, 222 
defined, 187 
growth of, 236 
military, 235 
range of, 236 
survey of, 221-236 
systems, 222 

Sort and merge program, 81 
Source code, 205 
Spaghetti, logical, 87-184 
Statements, 209 
Storage 

external, of information, 20 
mass, see Mass storage 
Store, memory, 54 
Stored information, 10 
Stored programs, 78-80, 82 
Subroutines, 57 
Subtraction, binary, 122 
Sumerians, 21-22 
Supercomputers, 85 
Superminicomputers, 86 
Swan-pan, Chinese arithmetic table, 29 
Switchboard, 68 
Switches, 66-68 
automatic, 106-109 



Switches ( cont’d ) 
electromechanical, 71 
patterns of, 70 

Symbol-manipulation, abstract, 42 
Symbolic logic, 100 
Synchronous counters, 148 
Systems, 222 
expert, 231 
operating, 223 
Systems software, 222 

Tabulators, census, 60 
Tally bone, 20, 23 
Tape, paper and magnetic, 165 
Tartaglia, Niccolo, 45 
Telephone company, 229 
Telephone relay, 69 
Telephones, 68 
Ten, 116-117 
Tens, counting by, 23 
Three-body problem, 46 
Timing, 142 
Toggle switches, 67 
Toggling, 147 
Transfer of control, 183 
Transistors, 83-84 
Transition rules, 191 
Truth-values, 102 


Tube, vacuum, 69 
Turing, Alan, 190, 230 
Turing machines, 191-192 
Two, powers of, 118 
“Two’s complement” method, 122 
Type-setter, automated, 54 

Unconditional branching statement, 215 
Universal Turing machine, 192 

Vacuum tube, 69 
Variables, 210 
numerical, 210-211 

Very large-scale integration (VLSI), 84 
von Neumann, John, 77, 193 

Wiener, Norbert, 241 
Word processing, 225 
Words, 8 
World War II, 72 
Writing, 21-22 
Chinese, 22 
Written zero, 37-38 

Zero, 27-28 
written, 37-38 
Zuse, Konrad, 71